ISLAND HISTORY

T he charisma of Amelia Island has been created by an intriguing chronicle of more than four centuries. Though small in size, Amelia Island is the only territory in the United States to have been under eight flags of domination and has played a prodigious role in shaping Florida history.

The island, located at the northeastern-most rip of the state, has been cast as an English planatation, international port, playground for the elite and the illicit, Civil War fortress, turn-of-the-century tourist mecca, the terminus of Florida's first cross- state railroad and world headquarters for revolutionary shrimping. Crucial for shipping strongholds and global power plays, Amelia was prized as the deepest natural harbor in the South - Florida's passageway to prosperity.

One of America's premier industrialists, Henry Flagler, provided the most pivotal point in the beguiling history of Amelia Island. His venture into Florida's Southern frontier unintentionally suspended the island in a Victorian time capsule. Then considered Amelia's misfortune, it is now known as its fortunate destiny to be an island locked in the charm and enchantment of the Victorian era.

Christened for the royal daughter of England's King Geaorge II, Amelia'a captivating beauty, climate and harbor have enticed a collection of characters from aristocrats and bluebloods to bootleggers and buccaneers.

Amelia's history has been revealed in archaeological discoveries on the island and its tale is recounted by docents at the Amelia Island Museum of History. Best summed as "the French visited, the Spanish developed, the English named and the Americans tamed," Amelia has charted the ebb and flow of international politics since the 16th century.

NATIVE AND NEWCOMERS As early as 2,500 B.C. ancient Timucuan Indians praised the attributes of Amelia Island or "Nopoica." The seeds of the island's struggle were first planted In 1562 when Frenchman Jean Ribault stepped ashore on "Isle de Mai" (Island of May) and Europe began its coexistence with the Indians. Spanish rule followed with an intent to Christianize the natives of "Santa Maria" until Spain swapped Florida with England for Havana. British loyalists then diligently established plantations for the King and dubbed the island "Amelia."

PIRATES'PLAYGROUND Amelia, which now has a simple innocence, once simmered with depravity as smugglers and ruffians sought to seize the "prima donna" of Florida land. As the border town between Spanish Florida (regained in another land trade) and American territory, the island's most colorful period began during Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1807. With all U.S. ports closed to foreign shipping, the island's Spanish harbor of Fernandina became the nation's smuggling center for slaves, liquor and foreign luxuries. What is now known as Old Town attracted racketeers worldwide. The bluff, now occupied by the mansion used in the movie Pippi Longstocking, was lined with bordellos. Eventually the "festering fleshpot" of Fernandina, survivor of three more flag usurpations, was forced to relinquish its illegal ways when it ceded to the United States in 1821.

GOLDEN AGE The present site of Fernandina Beach originated in the 1850s as visionary U.S, Senator David Yulee promised to make Fernandina Beach the spotlight of the Western world. He convinced the town to resettle half-mile downriver to accommodate his dream - Florida's first cross-state railroad. Yulee's rail journeyed over swamps to connect with Cedar Key on the Gulf Today, an original 1899 railroad depot serves as the Visitor Center on the island. As the new railroad was paving the path for a golden era on Amelia, the Union army took control of a partially- finished fort on the island. The First New York Volunteer Engineers continued laying the brick, but by the war's end no battles were fought and the massive structure was never completed. Now called Fort Clinch, located within Fort Clinch State Park, the "War of Aggression" is reenacted with uniformed, rifle-toting soldiers throughout the mess hall, infirmary, barracks and brig, the first weekend of each month. Park rangers are dressed in period costume throughout the year and answer questions as if the year was 1864.

By 1875, thousands of Northerners voyaged to Fernandina on the Mallory Steamship Line from New York, creating the dawning of the Golden Age on Amelia. Hailed as "The Queen of Summer Resorts" by an 1896 edition of American Resorts magazine, the breathtaking beaches and climate lured visitors to this new destination - Florida.

Golden Age prosperity prompted the building boom of Fernandina Beach, attracting America's entrepreneurial elite. It's now preserved as the picturesque Centre Street, home of antique shops, boutiques and some of the area's finest restaurants.

The most colorful watering hole on Centre Street is Florida's oldest tavern, The Palace Saloon (1878). Former haunt of the Vanderbilts, DuPonts and Carnegies, spirits are still served from its 40-foot mahogany bar graced by handcarved caryatids.

The Silk Stocking District, a collection of grand, sherbet-hued Victorian mansions, arose along the side streets. Today, more than 50 blocks of the downtown with structures styled from Queen Anne and Chinese Chippendale to "Mississippi Steamboat" are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

In the 1890s, Florida entrepreneur Henry Flagler christened a railroad which drew wealthy tourists far south of Amelia Island. As a result, mass modernization bypassed the island, a disguised blessing that allowed Amelia to remain an authentic Victorian seaport village.

SHRIMPING REVOLUTION In the early 20th century, Amelia Island became the birthplace of the modern shrimping industry as innovators replaced row boats and cast nets with power-driven seines and otter trawls. Today laden shrimp trawlers return to the downtown docks with the brilliant sunset as a backdrop. Nearly 80 percent of Florida's intake of sweet Atlantic white shrimp is harvested in Amelia's waters and the Burbank Trawl Makers (locals call it the Net House) is still the world's largest producer of handmade shrimp nets.

Amelia Island Museum of History

ISLAND HISTORY

including grounds!

227 South 7th Street Amelia Island, Florida 32034

227 South 7th Street
Amelia Island, Florida 32034